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Test Sixª¤ª¤

1ª¤

Sometimes the U.S. government goes out of its way to prove it can be an absolute nuisance. Take the case of Southern Clay, Inc., which has a factory at Paris, Tennessee, putting out a clay product for catª²boxes best known as ¡°Kitty Litter.¡±ª¥It¡¯s a simple enough process, but the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration insists that since clay comes from the ground¡ªan excavation half a mile from the Kitty Litter plant¡ªthe company actually is engaged in mining and milling. Therefore, says MSHA, Southern Clay is subject to all the rules that govern, say, coal miners working in shafts several hundred feet down.ª¥

The company has been told to devise an escape system and fireª²fighting procedure in case there is a fire in its ¡°mine.¡± Southern Clay estimates it will lose 6,000 manª²hours in production time giving its 250 factory workers special training in how to escape from a mine disaster.ª¥

One thing that has always impressed us about cats, in addition to their tidiness, is that they seem to watch the human world with a sense of wise and detached superiority, as though they wondered what the hustle and bustle is all about. If they grin from time to time, as some people insist, it¡¯s no wonder.

1. The author¡¯s purpose in writing this passage is to ____.ª¤

A. explain how Kitty Litter is producedª¤

B. describe the Mine Safety and Health Administrationª¤

C. show how tidy cats areª¤

D. show that the government can sometimes be a nuisanceª¤

2. The clay excavation is ____.ª¤

A. half a mile undergroundª¤

B. several miles from Paris, Tennesseeª¤

C. worked by miners in shafts several hundred feet downª¤

D. half a mile from the Kitty Litter plantª¤

3. What is the meaning of ¡°manª²hour¡±?ª¤

A. The time needed in finishing the work by one man.ª¤

B. The work done by one man in one hour.ª¤

C. The man needed in finishing the work in one hour.ª¤

D. The work done by one man.ª¤

4. Judging from the passage, has the company devised an escape system and fireª²fighting procedure?ª¤

A. Yes, the company has done so because it is an order.ª¤

B. Of course, the company has done so although the company is reluctant.ª¤

C. No, the company has not done so.ª¤

D. We could not judge from the passage.ª¤

5. What does the author mean by the passage¡¯s last sentence?ª¤

A. Cats sometimes seem to be amused by human antics.ª¤

B. People sometimes appear to be laughing at the antics of cats.ª¤

C. Some people think cats are laughing at the Kitty Litter plant.ª¤

D. Some people think cats are laughing at the futility of fireª²fighting procedures.ª¤

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2ª¤

In the interest of lightness of weight, everything you carry in your pack should serve as many purposes as possible. Clothing and sleeping gear constitute the greatest amount of bulk in your pack and probably the most weight. Thus, you should choose clothes and sleeping gear with a great deal of versatility in mind. Get the maximum use from the various items of clothing and sleeping gear and combinations of them.ª¥

For example, instead of two pairs of long pants, carry one pair of long pants and a pair of shorts. You can wear the shorts alone, or the long pants alone, or both at the same time.ª¥

The same with shirts. Instead of one heavy shirt, carry two mediumª²weight shirts¡ªone with long sleeves, one with short sleeves.ª¥

Carry two lightª²weight wool sweaters instead of a heavy sweater or jacket. Even better, carry a lightª²weight wool sweater and a wind shell. This gives you three possibilities: sweater alone, shell alone, sweater and shell together.

Additionally, you will be warmer in several layers of clothing than in one layer of heavy clothing. The shell, light sweater, and two shirts will keep you warmer than one shirt and a heavy sweater or jacket.ª¥

This same layering principle applies when you sleep. Better to have a lightª²weight sleeping bag and wear several layers of clothing than to have a heavyª²duty, lowª²temperature sleeping bag.ª¥

Of course, different people sleep warm or cold, depending upon their body metabolism. And those needs should obviously be considered in the assembly of clothes they carry.ª¥

Should you find yourself in a freak situation such as zero temperature, when you start out in weather that should not have dropped below 30 degrees, there are a number of things you can do to improve the warmth of your sleep.ª¥

(1) You can sleep inside a tent, of course. This increases the temperature by 5 to 10 degrees and it cuts the wind chill factor substantially. (2) Camp out of the wind if possible. This cuts down the wind chill factor. (3) Place your sleeping bags close together. This retains the heat for all of you. (4) Camp on the side of a hill instead of on the valley floor, especially on clear nights. Warmer air lifts up and off the valley floor on clear nights. There can be as much as 15 degrees difference between the temperature on the side of the hill and that on the valley floor.

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