六级阅读考前补习（3）

Test Three

1

A well?stablished distinction in memory theory is that between short?erm and long?erm memory. The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them; the latter―concerns the wide range of ways in which experiences can affect behavior many years later. Given the two different kinds of ability, it is reasonable to hypothesize that each is represented differently in the brain. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that long?erm memory implies a chemical change in the brain cells while short?erm memory involves patterns of impulses in circuits of nerve cells.?
One group of rats were taught to run through a maze. Five minutes after learning the task, they were cooled to 5℃, the temperature at which all electrical activity in the brain ceases. They were then kept at this temperature for 15 minutes before being allowed to return to their normal temperature. They were then run through the maze, again.?
A second group of rats were taught to run the same maze, and then immediately cooled to 5℃ for 15 minutes. After being allowed to return to their normal temperature, an attempt was made to run the second group through the maze again. It was found that rats in the first group had no difficulty with the maze the second time, suggesting that they did not have to relearn the task. Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they apparently could not remember what they had learned.?
It was concluded from this experiment that short?erm memory (in rats, at least ) is unlike long?erm memory. Short?erm memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long?erm memory, in contrast, is unaffected by the disruption of electrical activity and may involve structural changes in brain cells.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. The difference between short?erm memory and long?erm memory.
B. The experiments of two groups of rats.
C. The temperature for rats to lose their memory.
D. The importance of memory.
2. Remembering address belongs to ____.
A. short?erm memory B. long?erm memory?
C. both A and B D. neither A or B
3. The experiments of two groups of rats indicate that ____.
A. temperature affects rats’ memory
B. the relationship between temperature and memory is very clear
C. there is distinction between short?erm memory and long?erm memory
D. rats can relearn the task after forgetting it
4. If rats are cooled to 5℃ for 15 minutes immediately, what will happen after being allowed to return to their normal temperature??
A. They have no difficult in crossing the same maze.?
B. They lose their way in the maze. ?
C. They can remember the way correctly. ?
D. They go through the maze after several trying. ?
5. Electrical impulses affect ____.?
A. long?erm memory B. short?erm memory
C. structural changes D. brain cells

2

By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. Already they had begun to influence each other. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations.?
At the same time the works of John Locke were becoming known in America. John Locke reasoned that the right to govern comes from an agreement or “social contract” voluntarily entered into by free people. The Puritan experience in forming congregations made this idea seem natural to many Americans. Taking it out of the realm of social theory, they made it a reality and formed a nation.

It was politics and not religion that most occupied Americans’ minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs.?
Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as the Declaration of Independence states, “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,” and that “the laws of Nature and Nature’s God” entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion.?
The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. The United States would have no state?upported religion. In this way, those men who formulated the principal tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection.?
The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens. But did it mean that government would be religiously neutral, treating all religions alike??
In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. Presidents and other political leaders often call on God to bless the American nation and people. Those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers. But government does not pay ministers salaries or require any belief―not even a belief in God―as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.?
The truth is that for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposes it treats all religions alike―at least as far as is practical. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.
6. What is the Great Awakening?
A. To cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups or denomination.
B. A revival movement of seeking to breathe new feeling and strength into religion.
C. To live side by side in relative harmony.

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