国际贸易指南

Organization of Incoterms
Incoterms are grouped into four categories:
1. The “E” term (EXW) – The only term where the seller/exporter makes the goods available at his or her own premises to the buyer/importer.
2. The “F” terms (FCA, FAS, and FOB) – Terms where the seller/ exporter is responsible to deliver the goods to a carrier named by the buyer.
3. The “C” terms (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP) – Terms where the seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for contracting and paying for carriage of the goods, but not responsible for additional costs or risk of loss or damages to the goods once they have been shipped. C terms evidence “shipment” (as opposed to “arrival”) contracts.
4. The “D” terms (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP) – Terms whrer the seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with bringing the goods to the place of destination. D terms evidence “arrival” contracts.

国际贸易术语解释通则的结构
国际贸易术语解释通则分为四大类型：
1． E组术语（EXW）— 唯一的卖方/出口商在其场所将货物交付买方/进口商的术语。
2． F组术语（FCA、FAS、和 FOB）—卖方/出口商负责将货物交付买方指定承运人的术语。
3． C组术语（CFR、CIF、CPT和 CIP）—卖方/出口商/制造商负责订立运输合同并支付运费，但不负责装船后的额外费用、损失风险和货物损坏。C组术语用于表明“装运”（而不是“到达”）合同。
4． D组术语（DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU、和DDP）—卖方/出口商/制造商负责将货物运抵目的地的所有费用和风险。C组术语用于表明“到达”合同。

Mode of transport
Not all Incoterms are appropriate for all modes of transport. Some terms were designed with sea vessels in mind while others were designed to be applicable to all modes. The following table set out which terms appropriate for each mode of transport.

运输方式
不是所有的国际贸易属于都适合所有的运输方式。某些术语在设计时就是准备用于海轮运输，而有些术语设计时是准备用于所有运输方式。下表列出了每种运输方式适用的贸易术语[略]。

Helpful Definitions
Pre-carriage – The initial transport of goods from the seller’s premises to the mail port of shipment. Usually by truck, rail or on inland waterways.
前程运输 — 从卖方地点到主装运港的最初运输。通常通过卡车、铁路或内河水路进行运输。

Main carriage – The primary transport of goods, generally for the longest part of the journey and generally from on country to another. Usually by sea vessel or by airplane, but can be by truck or rail as well.
主运输 — 主要的货物运输，通常航程最长，而且通常是从一个国家到另一个国家。一般通过海轮或飞机进行运输，也可以通过卡车或铁路进行运输。

On-carriage – Transport from the port of arrival in the country of destination to the buyer’s premises. Usually by truck, rail or inland waterways.
转运输 — 从目的国的到达港到卖方地点的运输。通常通过卡车、铁路或内河水路进行运输。

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